computational structural analysis of functional attributes of hypodermin A and B proteins: a way forward for vaccine development

Hypodermosis is a parasitic disease of cattle. The pathogenicity of the disease is attributed to Hypodermin proteins [Hypodermin A, Hypodermin B and Hypodermin C]. Studies suggest that Hypodermin proteins may be defined as Serine proteases and collagenases. The structure of both proteases Hypodermin A and Hypodermin B were modeled using the Swiss-model server followed by its validation using Procheck, Errat and Verify-3D. Afterwards, both Hypodermin A and Hypodermin B were docked against collagen in order to study its interaction with respective Hypodermin proteins. The structure of both Hypodermin A and Hypodermin B showed more bent towards hydrophobic nature, as more beta sheets were present in them. Both structures were also superimposed to check out similarities and differences present between them. Serine, Aspartic acid, Histidine, Glutamic acid and Lysine are found as interacting residues that are involved in hydrogen bonding with collagen. The interactions are found in the active domain region of Hypodermin proteins. The interacting residues were present in the active region of the hypodermin proteins thus validating the docking studies. This study may help in the drug development against hypodermosis with least side effects

Biological activities of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important bacterial pathogens, their phytochemical and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

The spread of bacterial infectious diseases is a major public threat. Herbs and spices have offered an excellent, important and useful source of antimicrobial agents against many pathological infections. In the current study, the antimicrobial potency of fresh, naturally and commercial dried Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts had been investigated against seven local clinical bacterial isolates such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Serratia marcesnces by the agar disc diffusion method. All tested pathogens except P. aeruginosa and E. coli were most susceptible to ethanolic and methanolic extracts of A. sativum. Similarly, chloroform and diethyl ether extracts of Z. officinale showed a greater zone of inhibition of tested pathogens except for P. aeruginosa and E. coli. We found that all extracts of A. sativum and Z. officinale have a strong antibacterial effect compared to recommended standard antibiotics through activity index. All results were evaluated statistically and a significant difference was recorded at P< 0.05. Antioxidant activity of extracts showed that 10 out of 13 extracts have high scavenging potential. Thin layer chromatography profiling of all extracts of A. sativum and Z. officinale proposed the presence of various phytochemicals such as tannins, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and saponins. Retention factor of diverse phytochemicals provides a valuable clue regarding their polarity and the selection of solvents for separation of phytochemicals. Significant inhibition of S. aureus was also observed through TLC-Bioautography. FT-IR Spectrometry was also performed to characterize both natural and commercial extracts of A. sativum and Z. officinale to evaluate bioactive compounds. These findings provide new insights to use A. sativum and Z. officinale as potential plant sources for controlling pathogenic bacteria and potentially considered as cost-effective in the management of diseases and to the threat of drug resistance phenomenon

Outcome of distal femoral locking plate in supracondylar fracture of femur mullar type-a by mipo technique

Background: Supra condylar femoral fracture has to multiple treatment options and may have different complications including wound infection, delayed or nonunion and loss of knee motion. Distal femoral locking plate is a recent advance method of treatment as minimal invasive technique

Objective: To determine the outcome of locking plate in supracondylar fracture of distal femur by minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis, regarding union and range of motion at knee and hip joint

Methodology: This descriptive study was carried out in Orthopedics Department of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore on 35 patients from 1[st] January 2013 to December 2014. All the patients suffering from closed supra-condylar fractures of distal femur Muller Type-A presenting within 24 to 48 hours of injury between 20-50 years of age were included in the study. MIPO technique was used for surgical treatment in these cases. Union was assessed at follow up. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20

Results: There were total 35 patients in this study; the mean age of the patients was 32.37 +/- 7.86 years. There were 26[74%] male and 9[26%] female. The mean hip flexion for operated limb was 124.91[degree] +/- 7.03 and the mean knee flexion for operated limb was 125.43[degree] +/- 10.56. At 36[th] week follow up all 35[100%] patients presented with grade-I radiological union i.e. formation of homogenous bone structure

Conclusion: Distal femoral locking plates resulted in favorable outcomes on short-term basis for treating supra-condoyle fractures of distal femur Muller A in terms of union and range of motion at knee and hip joint

Outcome of mesh envelope bone grafting for traumatic segmental bone defects

Background: Long bone defects treatment is a technically demanding procedure in orthopedic surgery and may require bone graft pieces, which are loosely applied to the bone and few pieces can spill over in the surrounding area, resulting in failure in obtaining beneficial effects. The vicryl mesh envelope around the bone graft may be a solution

Objective: To determine the role of mesh regarding bone graft containment and union in long bone defects of > 4cm

Methodology: This experimental study was conducted in orthopedic department of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from 1[st] January 2012 to 31[st] December 2014. Total 28 cases were included in the study and randomized into two equal groups. Fourteen patients were managed with vicryl mesh [group A] while 14 patients were treated routinely without the use of vicryl mesh envelope [group B]. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 18.0

Results: The mean age of all the patients was 29.11+/-6.16 years. The mean age of patients in group A was 29.71+/-6.56 years and in group B was 28.50+/-5.92 years. There were 20 [71%] male patients and only 8 [29%] female patients presented with long bone defects. Most of the patients were managed with dynamic compression plating i.e. 20 [71.43%]. In group A, 1 [7.1%] patient developed infection and re-operation was done while in group B 6 [42.9%] patients has infection and reoperation was executed to eradicate it. The difference was significant for post-operative infection between both groups [pvalue= 0. 029]

Conclusion: This study concluded that there was significant difference between both techniques in graft containment, consolidation and graft failure. Patients managed with vicryl mesh have better outcome than without vicryl mesh

Comparison of outcome of fractures of inferior pole of patella

Background: Fractures of patella are common and it constitutes about significant proportion of all skeletal injuries resulting from either direct or indirect trauma

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of inferior pole fractures of patella treated with tension band wiring and resection of avulsed fragment and re-attachment of ligament to patella

Methodology: This was an comparative study, carried out in Department of Orthopaedic surgery of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from 16[th] June 2012 to 15[th] June 2014. A total of 20 patients were included in this study. These patients were randomly divided into two groups. In Group-A patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with tension band wire and in Group-B patients were treated by resection of the avulsed fragment and reattachment of the patellar ligament to the patella. Patients were followed up for surgical site infection and functional outcome at 1[st], 7[th], 15[th], day one month, three months and six months post operatively. Final outcome was assessed by using Bostman criteria. Data entry and analysis was done by using SPSS version 17

Results: Mean age of all 20 patients was 34.20 +/- 12.13 years. Although both treatment groups had statistically same rate of surgical site infection from 1[st] day till 15[th] day post operatively. From 1[st] month till 6[th] months follow up time period none of the patients had surgical site infection in both treatment groups. At 1[st] month and 6[th] month post operatively in Group-B outcome was statistically better as compared to Group-A patients. But at 2[nd] month outcome of patients was statistically same in both treatment groups

Conclusion: Resection of the avulsed fragment and reattachment of the patellar ligament to the patella had good outcome according to the Bostman criteria as compared to open reduction and internal fixation with tension band wire

Frequency of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on histopathology in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with duration of more than 5 years

Objective: to determine the frequency of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] on histopathology in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with duration of more than 5 years

Study Design: descriptive, cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from November 2013 to April 2014

Methodology: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of more than 5 years duration having raised alanine transaminases level and fatty liver on ultrasonography were selected. Informed consent was obtained and liver biopsy was performed in all patients by experienced physician of Civil Hospital Karachi. All samples of biopsy were sent for histopathology. Those patients with hepatitis B, C and D and steatosis like alcoholic and hypertriglyceridemia were excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics were calculated on SPSS version 17

Results: out of the 262 cases, 56.49% [148/262] showed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on the basis of histopathology. The mean age of the patients was 50.72 +/-8.48 years. Median [interquartile] duration of diabetes mellitus of the cases was 9 years [15 - 4]. Out of 148 NASH cases, 56.1% [83/148] were males and 43.9% [65/148] were females

Conclusion: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is an increasingly important and unrecognized spectrum of chronic liver disease associated with high prevalence of diabetes that is often overlooked and diagnosed with complications. So early recognition of these patients can prevent further complications

Fetal gender determination through Y-STR analysis of maternal plasma during the third trimester of pregnancy

The passage of nucleated cells between mother and fetus is well recognized [Lo et al. 1989, 1996]. As well as, cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma or serum is at present widely investigated as a source of fetal genetic material [Stanghellini et al., 2006] [18]. There has been much recent interest in the use of DNA derived from plasma or serum [Boland, 1996]. This DNA can be utilized for molecular diagnosis as well as prenatal sex discernment. To establish an easy, reliable, and completely safe method for fetal gender determination alternative to conventional exhausting current techniques applied in gynecologic hospitals and clinics, besides its further applications in forensic casework. EDTA-Blood samples were taken from 30 pregnant women all in the third trimester of pregnancy, then plasma was separated from each sample, from which DNA was isolated using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, with special modifications done in the extracting procedure to concentrate and obtain minute quantities of fetal DNA, together with maternal DNA, from maternal plasma. In addition, bloodstain samples were taken from the husbands of women who were pregnant with male fetuses from which DNA was isolated using a QIAamp DNA Micro Kit for comparison. DNA quantification was done using a Real-time PCR utilizing Quantifier Duo Kit. PCR was done using an AmpFlSTR Y-Filer Kit, then amplified products were typed using a 3130 Genetic Analyzer. Full and partial Y-STR profiles [6-17 STR loci] were obtained from all plasma samples taken from pregnant women with male fetuses, while negative Y-STR profiles [no single STR locus]: were obtained from all plasma samples taken from pregnant women with female fetuses It is recommended to use Y-STR profiling as an alternative technique for fetal gende determination during the third trimester of pregnancy, in addition to its significance in forensic cas work

Clinical indications and adverse reactions of platelet apheresis

To determine the clinical indications and adverse reactions of platelet apheresis procedure. Cross-sectional, observational study. Blood Bank of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission General Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2010 to December 2014. Indications and adverse reaction verified for 200 consecutive platelet apheresis donations performed for 125 patients was included in this study. Data was analysed for descriptive variables using SPSS version 16. Donor deferral rate in the study was 63.83%. All the donors were males [100%] and replacement donors. Most prevalent blood type was B-positive [n=63, 31.5%], followed by O-positive [n=59, 29.5%]. Rh negative groups constituted 13.5% [n=27] of all the donors. Average age of platelet apheresis donors was 28.56 +/- 5.77 years. Maximum numbers of donors were in age range 20 - 30 years. Average weight of the donors was 73.96 +/- 11.96 kg. Mean pre-procedure platelet count of donors was 268,000/microL. The postprocedure average platelet count was approximately 200,000/microL. The mean duration of a platelet apheresis session was 78.27 +/- 26.07 minutes. Average volume of the final product was 412.53 +/- 45.33 ml. Average volume of anti-coagulant acid citrate dextrose used per procedure was 300 +/- 40 ml, 245 ml returned to donor along with returned blood while 55 ml used as anticoagulant in final concentrate. Of total 200, two [1%] final products were contaminated with red cells. Three [1.5%] products were not issued and finally expired. Of the 125 patients for which plateletpheresis procedures were performed, 54 [43.2%] patients were males and 71 [56.8%] were females [M: F=0.76:1]. Six donors [3%] had adverse events: three donors [1.5%] had mild reactions, two [1%] moderate reaction, and one donor [0.5%] developing hematoma. None had severe or life-threatening reactions. Plateletpheresis procedure is relatively safe and forms an important adjuvant to blood bank inventory

Efficacy of social networking sitesin the development of some of the social values among university students

Objectives: This study sought to achieve several goals: the study of the relationship between the intensity of use of social networking and social values locations, and the study of the relationship between the rate and the motives of the use of university students to Facebook and among some social values development, and determine the effectiveness of the use of social networking sites in the development of some of the social values

Sample: Was selected core sample of students of the Faculty of Specific Education, Mansoura University, used the quasi-experimental approach is the same group on a sample of 30 students

Tools: The study tools measure the use of social networking sites, and the measure of social values, and the measure of friendship

Results: The most important results of the study are as follows There is a correlation statistically significant at the level of significance 0.01 between each of the following after the use of Facebook in terms of trends and tendencies scale use of social networking sites, and the measure of social values as a whole, after the use of Facebook in terms of jobs and the potential scale of social networking sites and values [take responsibility, affiliation, and the measure of social values as a whole], and There are significant differences at the level of significance 10.0 between the average scores of students in the research sample two applications [Pre and post measure] of friendship in favor of the post application. We find some of the students in the high level of dimensional measure of friendship application increased significantly when compared to their level in the tribal application of a measure of friendship, and this indicates that the sample in the value of friendship, the students' progress

Salt toxicity [sodium intake]: a serious threat to infants and children of Pakistan

Excess sodium intake can lead to hypertension, the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the sodium and potassium contents of foodstuff used by infants and children of Pakistan. We analyzed the sodium and potassium contents of infant milk formula [<6 months], follow up milk formula [>6 months], baby food [cereals], biscuits, fruit juices, potato chips [crisps], cheese puffs, roasted cereals [salty], ice cream cones [kulfi] all of which are the processed food extensively used by the children. The amount of sodium and potassium contents in drinking water of few cities of Pakistan were also considered to assess the additional sodium/potassium in the preparation of milk using infant milk formula. Na to K ratio [Na:K] was determined 0.3-1.23, 0.3-1.16, 0.33-0.82, 0.54-2.68, 0.51-0.85, 2.86 and 1.02 for infant milk formula [<6 months], follow up milk formula [>6 months], baby food [cereals], biscuits, fruit juices, potato chips [crisps, cheese puffs, roasted cereals], ice cream cones [kulfi], respectively. The higher sodium content is present than most of the quoted values; whereas lower potassium is present than the recommended values. The higher Na:K ratio indicates the severity of the situation where it is commonly stated that "higher an individual's salt intake, the higher an individual's blood pressure". Present study indicates that nearly all Pakistani children consume substantially more salt than they need which will affect health status in later life

Laboratory surveillance of malaria at District Bahawalpur Punjab, Pakistan

Background: In Pakistan malaria is prevalent in different parts of all the four provinces. The estimated number of annual malaria cases in Pakistan is 1.5 million. The climate of Pakistan is conducive for malarial transmission

Objective: The present study was planned to determine the laboratory surveillance of malaria in Bahawalpur District over a period of five years

Patients and Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted on malarial epidemiology in Bhawalpur region over a period of 5 years from 2007 to 2011. The study was conducted by collecting data from those health facilities where malaria screening was done routinely. Thick and thin smears were taken by the trained personal on glass slides and stained by Giemsa technique. They were then examined microscopically for the diagnosis and specification of malarial parasite. Doubtful samples were sent to consultant haematologists at tertiary level health facilities for confirmation

Results: Annual parasite index was highest in 2007 i.e. 0.091. Slide positivity rate was highest [0.21] in 2007 and dropped [0.01] in 2010. Annual Blood Examination Rate was also highest [4.28] in 2007

Conclusion: Our findings showed that annual blood examination rate, slide positivity rate and annual parasite index continued to drop during the study period

Dengue outbreak; descriptive epidemiological analysis and vector surveillance in District Faisalabad during 2011

This longitudinal study was conducted during August to December 2011 in District Faisalabad to analyze epidemiological pattern of dengue outbreak in the district. Weekly trends of all cases [893] reported through Disease Surveillance System from week No. 33 to 52 were monitored. On the basis of this continuous flow of information, different ongoing vector control measures were adopted simultaneously in different areas of the district and larval indices were calculated. The Surveillance data was used to monitor the trends of the outbreak in terms of time, person and place. Teams of 3102 trained workers were formed to conduct various surveillance activities like vector surveillance, fogging, larviciding, and indoor residual sprays. During indoor and outdoor vector surveillance, teams also calculated the larval indices for vector control. The rural to urban ratio of cases was 1:3. Maximum cases [215] were reported from Jinnah Town in urban area and [102] cases were reported from Tehsil Sadar among the rural areas. Most cases of dengue fever were observed during the 37-46 weeks of the year 2011. Mean age was 29 +/- 14.7 years for rural and 35 +/- 16.5 years for urban. Male to Female ratio was 1.2:1 in urban and 1.8:1 in rural areas. Majority of the cases belonged to the age group 21 -30. The case fatality rate was 6/1000 cases. The house Index was 1.03%, the indoor container index was 0.26% and the breateu index was found 1.21%. Maximum cases occurred during 40th to 44th weeks. Male were affected more as compared to females. Jinnah Town in urban areas and Tehsil Sadar among the rural areas reported maximum number of cases. The different calculated larval indices like house index, indoor/outdoor container index and breateu index showed moderate larval growth and hence, the outbreak was within control

Analysis of adverse events reported following single dose monovalent H1N1 [swine flu] vaccine

To identify the adverse events reported following monovalent single dose intramuscular Swine Flu Vaccine within a period of 6 weeks after vaccination. This descriptive study was conducted from November 2010 to January 2011 in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, a 1400 bedded, tertiary care hospital, where single dose monovalent swine flu vaccine was available free of cost. Recipients were all healthy hospital employees, above 18 years of age. A printed proforma was designed, in which adverse events were recorded [either by telephone or personal appearance] after 24 hours, 1 week and then after 6 weeks. Informed consent was taken before vaccine administration. The study was approved by the ethical review committee of the institution. Seven hundred and ninety two individuals were included in the study with mean age of 27.67 [SD=10.7]. Males were 52.3% while the rest were female. Two hundred and fifty [31.6%] were students, 214 [27%] were paramedical staff, 153 [19.3%] were doctors, 139 [17.6%] were nursing staff, while 19 [2.4%] were senior teaching staff. After 24 hours of vaccination, redness at injection site was found in 36 [4.5%], soreness in 29 [3.7%], and itching in 23 [2.9%], headache in 66 [8.3%], nausea in 35 [4.4%], fever in 21 [2.7%], dizziness in 6 [0.8%], and muscle aches in 1 [0.1%]. After 7 days, only 3 [0.4%] individuals had soreness and tenderness at injection site, 2 [0.3%] had fatigue, 4 [0.5%] had fever and 2 [0.3%] had dizziness. After 6 weeks, no local or systemic adverse events were noted. Swine flu vaccine causes minor local or systemic side-effects in the form of pain, headache, fever, and fatigue in the first 24 hours of administration, and is free of short term and serious adverse events

Effects of Curcuma longa extracts on mortality and fecundity of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) / Efeitos dos extratos de Curcuma longa sobre mortalidade e fecundidade de Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata, is a significant pest of fruit and vegetable crops in South East Asia and Pacific region. Ccontrol strategies of fruit flies, relying chiefly on insecticides, have serious environmental consequences, disturbing the agro-ecosystem as well as eliminating natural enemies. This study was oriented at exploring the potential of turmeric, Curcuma longa, extracts to control the peach fruit fly. Freshly emerged female adults of Bactrocera zonata were continuously fed for 16 days on diet containing 1000, 500 and 250 ppm of acetone extract of Curcuma longa separately in laboratory cages. The extract caused 85.00, 66.67 and 56.67 percent mortality at 1000, 500 and 250 ppm respectively. The surviving females were mated and allowed to reproduce on clean guava fruits in separate cages. The inhibition in pupal progeny was 67.90, 60.74 and 51.96 percent in the flies fed on 1000, 500 and 250 ppm, the inhibition observed in adult progeny was 84.68, 79.03 and 67.74 percent, respectively.

A mosca do pêssego, Bactrocera zonata, é uma importante praga das frutas e produtos hortícolas no Sudeste Asiático e Pacífico. As estratégias de controle de moscas-das-frutas, que se baseia principalmente no uso de inseticidas, têm consequências ambientais graves, perturbando o agroecossistema, bem como eliminando os inimigos naturais. Este estudo foi orientado a explorar as potencialidades dos extratos de açafrão Curcuma longa para controle de B. zonata. Após a emergência, adultos de fêmeas de B. zonata foram continuamente alimentados, durante 16 dias, com dieta contendo 1000, 500 e 250 ppm de extrato acetônico de C. longa separadamente em gaiolas no laboratório. O extrato causou 85,00, 66,67 e 56,67 por cento de mortalidade em 1000, 500 e 250 ppm, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram acasaladas e postas para ovipositar separadamente em goiabas dentro das gaiolas. A inibição na progênie pupal foi 67,90, 60,74 e 51,96 por cento nos insetos alimentados em 1000, 500 e 250 ppm, a inibição observada na progênie adulta foi 84,68, 79,03 e 67,74 por cento, respectivamente.

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the neck with pulmonary metastases

We present a case of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma in a 48 years old Saudi female who reported with slowly progressive right sided extranodal neck mass associated with pulmonary metastasis. Clinical examination, histopathologic features including distinct immunostains combine together to make the rare diagnosis of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. This entity is often misdiagnosed due to non-consideration in differential diagnosis of sarcoma. It carries a significant potential for regional as well as distant spread and hence categorized as intermediate risk malignancy. Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects and therapeutic options of this unusual case are discussed

Frequency of depression in chronic Hepatitis C naive patients

To determine frequency of depression in chronic hepatitis C na‹ve patients before interferon therapy using CES-D questionnaire. Patients testing positive antibodies to HCV by EIA of more than 6 months duration and who have not taken interferon therapy previously were included after taking informed consent. Patients who had co-infections such as hepatitis B and D virus or human immunodeficiency virus, or patients with other coexisting chronic liver disease like primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic autoimmune hepatitis and Wilson disease were excluded from study. Urdu version of CES-D a self-reporting questionnaire in public domain was administered. A score of >/= 10 was taken consistent with depression. Ninety-six patients were included and 59.4% were depressed. These included 57.9% males and 42.1% females. Highest frequency was seen in under-graduates and positive correlation was seen with duration of hepatitis C infection. This study showed that 59.4% of patients with hepatitis C have depression before initiation of therapy and this should be evaluated and treated if necessary before starting interferon therapy

Fatty acid composition of leaf oil and analgesic activity of alcoholic extract of ficus benghalensis leaves

The fatty acid composition of leaf oil of Ficus benghalensis has been determined. The four fatty acids viz. lauric [3.8%], palmitic [63.6%], oleic [32.3%] and linoleic [0.3%] have been identified on the basis of GLC analysis. Further, owing to the vast medicinal importance of Ficus benghalensis, the analgesic activity of alcoholic extract of leaves has been studied and an increase in reaction time as compared to standard pentazocine has been observed

Effect of hexavalent chromium on leydig cells

Objective: This study was designed to analyze the effects of hexavalent chromium on histology of leydig cells of mice

Place of Study: Animal House of Zoology Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed on mature adult male albino mice, which were divided into eight groups. Control groups were designated as A1, B1, C1 and D1, whereas experimental groups A,B,C and D, received chromium [2mg/kg], i.p., as potassium dichromate on alternate days for two, four, six and eight weeks, respectively

Conclusions: Significant histological changes were recorded in the testes of treated mice, after prolonged exposure of chromium. Leydig cells were reduced in number and size, nuclei of these cells were also reduced in size and were pyknotic. The resultant decrease in size is a matter of concern in young males. In case of chronic exposure more drastic deleterious effects with appear. Future research work will add further information in this regard

Frequency of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients undergoing upper Gl endoscopy

To determine the frequency of Eosinophilic Esophagitis [EoE] in patients undergoing upper Gl endoscopy. Patients undergoing upper Gl endoscopy for any indication were subjected to additional esophageal biopsies for derrnination of eosinophilic esophagitis. The additional biopsy protocol was two each from proximal esophagus, distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Presence of >15 eosinophils in one high power field was criteria for diagnosis of EoE. Ninety four patients were included according to sample size estimations. Eosinophilic esophagitis was found in 7 [7.4%] of patients undergoing upper Gl endoscopies. Eosinophilic esophagitis should be considered as active diagnosis in presence of suggestive symptoms